របៀបបកប្រែ (Style Guides) គឺជាឯកសារស្តង់ដារមួយដែលត្រូវបានបង្កើតមក ដើម្បីធានាឲ្យការបកប្រែមានគុណភាព។ ឯកសារទាំងនេះមានក្បួនច្បាប់ដែល Mozilla រួមទាំងសហគមន៍បកប្រែ Mozilla បានកំណត់មក ដើម្បីឲ្យផលិតផល វេបសាយ និងគម្រោងផ្សេងៗទៀតរបស់ Mozilla មានគុណភាព។ របៀបបកប្រែនេះត្រូវបានប្រើទាំងសម្រាប់ការបកប្រែ និងសម្រាប់ការពិនិត្យគុណភាពបកប្រែ។ ដូច្នេះហើយ ការអនុវត្តតាមគោលការណ៍ទាំងនេះ នឹងធ្វើឲ្យការបកប្រែមានគុណភាពខ្ពស់ ជាការបង្ហាញឲ្យឃើញអំពីតម្លៃនិងវប្បធម៌របស់ Mozilla។ ឯកសារនេះត្រូវបានបែងចែកជាពីរផ្នែក ដែលផ្នែកដំបូងនិយាយអំពីគោលការណ៍នៅក្នុងភាសាខ្មែរ ហើយទីពីរស្ដីអំពីក្បួនច្បាប់ទូទៅដែល Mozilla បានកំណត់ជាស្រេចសម្រាប់អ្នកបកប្រែនៃគ្រប់ភាសា ដើម្បីជួយពួកគេឲ្យបកប្រែបានល្អប្រសើរ។

របៀបបកប្រែសម្រាប់ភាសាខ្មែរ

រចនាបទ

រចនាបទឬរបៀបនេះ ត្រូវបានបង្កើតឡើងចំពោះតែភាសាខ្មែរ និងដោយក្រុមអ្នកបកប្រែខ្មែរនៃសហគមន៍ Mozilla។

ភាសាផ្លូវការ និងរបៀបរបបនិយាយ/សរសេរ

នៅក្នុងការប្រែសម្រួលជាភាសាខ្មែរ ភាពត្រឹមត្រូវនិងរបៀបរបបនិយាយ មិនចោទជាបញ្ហាខ្លាំងនោះទេ ពីព្រោះអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ភាគច្រើនជាអ្នកទូទៅ ដូច្នេះហើយការបកប្រែយកត្រឹមកម្រិតកណ្ដាល ពោលគឺមិនផ្លូវការពេកនិងមិនលេងសើចពេក គឺជាជម្រើសដ៏ប្រសើរជាងគេនៅក្នុងការបកប្រែជាភាសាខ្មែរ។ ឧទាហរណ៍ថា៖ “ចុចទីនេះ” និង “សូមចុចទីនេះ” គឺមិនមានបញ្ហាអ្វីទាំងអស់សម្រាប់ភាសាខ្មែរ ប៉ុន្តែជម្រើសទីមួយល្អជាង ពីព្រោះខ្លីនិងអាចទទួលយកបាន។ សូមចាំថាកុំប្រើភាសាផ្លូវការពេកដូចជា “សូមមេត្តាបំពេញប្រឡោះមួយនេះ”, “តើលោកអ្នកប្រាកដក្នុងចិត្តថាចង់លុបការទាញយកនេះហើយមែនដែរឬទេ?” ហើយមកប្រើត្រឹម “សូមបំពេញប្រឡោះនេះ”, “តើអ្នកពិតជាចង់លុបការទាញយកនេះមែនឬ?”

សំនួនបែបធម្មជាតិ

នៅក្នុងការបកប្រែមកជាភាសាខ្មែរ ការប្រើប្រាស់សំនួនបែបធម្មជាតិជាប្រការដែលមិនអាចចៀសបាន ដើម្បីឲ្យប្រយោគទាំងអស់នោះមានលក្ខណៈជាខ្មែរ។ ការបកប្រែទៅតាមសំនួនបែបធម្មជាតិ មិនមែនជាកិច្ចការដែលងាយស្រួលនោះទេ គឺទាមទារឲ្យអ្នកបកប្រែត្រូវប្រាកដនៅក្នុងភាសាខ្មែរនិងភាសាអង់គ្លេស (បើប្រើភាសាអង់គ្លេសជាគោលបកប្រែ)។ ឧទាហរណ៍ដូចជា “Get connected. Get started.” មិនអាចបកប្រែដោយពាក្យៗបាននោះទេ ដូច្នេះដើម្បីសម្រួលមកជាបែបខ្មែរគឺ “ឲ្យតែមានអ៊ីនធឺណិត អាចប្រើបានភ្លាម។”

Handling cultural references, idioms, and slang

Cultural references, idioms, and slang require a full understanding of these references between the cultures of your source and target languages. An example of a cultural reference in English would be the phrase, "kick-off meeting." This is a reference that uses an American football term. It means a meeting to begin a project. To translate it, you can follow one of two approaches:

Find an equivalent reference phrase in your language.
Remove the cultural reference and translate the core meaning (e.g., "a commencement meeting")

Define a policy for handling these cultural references, idioms, and slang that you can make standard across all projects. Consider resources you can refer back to in order to find cultural equivalents and list them in this section of your style guide (e.g., a slang dictionary in your language).

ភាពត្រូវគ្នានៃការបកប្រែ

ជាចុងក្រោយ យើងត្រូវគោរពតាមរបៀបរបបបកប្រែ និងម៉ាករបស់ Mozilla និងភាគីទីបី ចំពោះគម្រោងបកប្រែទាំងអស់។ ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមអំពីគោលការណ៍ណែនាំម៉ាកដែល Mozilla បានបញ្ជាក់អាចស្វែងរកនៅទីនេះ៖ https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/styleguide/identity/firefox/branding/។ ឧទាហរណ៍ ឈ្មោះម៉ាកខ្លះ យើងមិនគួរបកប្រែឡើយ ដូចជា "Firefox"។ ចំពោះម៉ាកផ្សេងៗដែលមិនមាននៅក្នុងគោលការណ៍ណែនាំអំពីម៉ាកណាមួយទេ សហគមន៍របស់អ្នកត្រូវតែកំណត់ឲ្យបានច្បាស់លាស់ថាតើគួរបកប្រែយ៉ាងដូចម្ដេច។ សូមយកចិត្តទុកដាក់បន្ថេមលើគោលការណ៍ណែនាំអំពីដាក់ប្រើប្រាស់ម៉ាក មុនពេលសម្រេចចិត្តថាបកប្រែឈ្មោះ ឬមិនបកប្រែ (ទាំងសម្រាប់ Mozilla ឬសម្រាប់ភាគីទីបី)។ ឧទាហរណ៍ Mozilla Firefox ត្រូវទុកដដែល កុំបកប្រែឲ្យសោះ។ Firefox for Android អាចបកប្រែថា Firefox សម្រាប់ Android។

ពាក្យបច្ចេកទេស

Here are a few existing term bases we approve of for software/internet terminology and definitions (though not limited to):

Microsoft key terms and target languages https://www.microsoft.com/Language/en-US/Default.aspx
Pootle's own term list: https://mozilla.locamotion.org/xx/terminology/essential.po (replace *xx* with a locale code)

You should be consistent in the use of existing reliable appropriate term bases in your language. These term bases could be developed and approved by the community, or leveraged from another party that adhere to national, international or local standards for software and internet terminology. Avoid the following:

Inconsistent use of terminology within the project
Inconsistent use of terminology with term base
Inconsistent use of terminology across all of your projects
Using terminology from another subject matter (e.g., don't use medical terminology in Firefox).

Tips on translating difficult concepts

Translating terms representing difficult concepts is a tricky task. Here are some ideas to help you translate terms that do not have equivalents in your language:

Understand the meaning of the term in English. Definitions of a few key terms http://techterms.com/category/internet
Know your product and understand the function of the feature.
Consider similar ideas for those functions in your culture.
Associate a culturally specific image with the meaning and function of the term.

Developing new term bases

What is your community's process for identifying and creating a new termbase? Here are a few things to keep in mind:

Avoid overly borrowing English expressions
Referencing another language from the same language family may inspire you to come up with your own terms
Consider the product target audience (age, level of literacy, education, social and economic status)
Will you use loan words from another language or coin new terms in your language to maintain language purity? Is there government requirement or policy to encourage creating new terms for new concepts, or will loanwords be sufficient to reach broader masses and expedite new technology adoption?
If there are two acceptable scripts commonly used by the general public, what is the commonly used script on the web or government sites? What is the script used by major web technology companies?

ឯកត្តានិងវេយ្យាករណ៍

Many elements of unit or grammar do not exist or apply to all languages. If you find one of these elements that does not apply to your language, please remove it from your style guide. For those definitions of units and grammar that apply document the reference used or how it will be applied to the translation.

The translation should strive to achieve proper unit conversions for currency, measurements, etc. for the target audience.

ឯកត្តានិងការបំប្លែងឯកត្តា

ទម្រង់កាលបរិច្ឆេទ

How are the date formats for weeks and months expressed in the following forms:

1). Fully spelled out 2). 2 or 3 letters 3). Single letter
What is the order of Year, Month and Day?

Reference material can be find here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_format_by_country

ប្រតិទិន

Which date is considered the first day of the week, Sunday or Monday?
Is Lunar calendar observed? Other regional calendar observed?

ទម្រង់ម៉ោង

How is time expressed in your language? Including 0-24 hr expression, hour, minute and second.

តួលេខ

How are numerals and percentages expressed in your language?

   Example: 1.23 (decimal separator) or 1,000 (thousand separator) using comma or period.

រូបិយបណ្ណ

What are other widely used currency and symbols used in your country/language for paid apps.

ឯកត្តា

Do you use the imperial, metric or nautical system for measuring weight, distance, etc.? Source strings will use the imperial system (e.g., miles, pounds, feet, gallons, etc.). Target translations should convert imperial metrics to their measurement system.

ឈ្មោះ

What are the order of family name and given name in your language? Here is the guideline on the naming convention from w3c.org:

ទម្រង់អាសយដ្ឋាននិងលេខប្រៃសណីយ៍

What is the format in your language?

   Example: most Asian countries start from big to small: [Country] [postal code][state/province][city][district][street number and name][building and suite numbers][addressee]
   Countries of European languages start from small to big: [addressee][street number and name][building and suite numbers][district][city][state/province][postal code][Country]

ទម្រង់លេខទូរសព្ទ

Space separators between digits can be different for area codes such as State (Province) and City,

ការប្រកបនិងវេយ្យាករណ៍

Many languages have national or international standards that define spelling and grammar rules. When defining these rules for your community, make reference to those standards wherever possible. Do you have automated tests for spell checking and grammar? List those tools and dictionaries here and how regularly they should be used.

កាល

Do you have standards for verb forms that indicate or express the time, such as past, present, or future, of the action or state? What is your policy on tense consistency for certain use cases? For example, for phrases that ask a user to make an action (like "Download Firefox"), do you use a future tense, a command tense, or a neutral tense? (See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense )

ទម្រង់ពាក្យ

ពហុវចនៈ

What is the appropriate form of expressing pluralization in your language? List all forms of plural forms and examples if there is more than one. Additional discussions can be found Here. https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Localization/Localization_and_Plurals and here: http://www.unicode.org/cldr/charts/latest/supplemental/language_plural_rules.html

អក្សរកាត់

How are abbreviations expressed in your language?

   Example, in English, abbreviations are made by removing most vowels and only using the first 3-5 consonants followed by a period (e.g., abbreviation = abbr.).  (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation)

If your language does not have a standard way of expressing abbreviations, do you simply leave them in English? Acronyms Are there standard translations of widely accepted acronyms such as CD, DVD, MB in your language? If not, do they remain in English? (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym )

វណ្ណយុត្តិ

Do you use different punctuation rules in your Firefox localization than what your language standard defines?

   Example: do you use a period at the end of every user interface element translation or only some? What is the international/national standard for punctuation in your language?

Emphasis

Is there an international/national standard for capitalization in your language?

If so, do those standard rules apply in all product translations?
If this doesn't apply, how do you indicate importance or name of a movie, book title, product UIs (Save, File...) in your language?
How does your language handle the use of bold, italic, or underline types to express emphasis? ( See: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italic_type )

Hyphens and compounds

What is the appropriate way of using hyphens and compounds in your language? ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_%28linguistics%29 )

Prepositions and articles

What is the appropriate form of expressing prepositions and articles in your language?

Diacritics and Special characters

Does your language use any special or accented characters and will they be applied and preserved in sort orders, and other aspects of the translation? (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diacritic )

Quotes

Does your language have a standard use for quotation marks, parenthesis, or brackets? Whitespace Does your language require the use of white space around words, sentences, paragraphs, etc.? If so, in what ways? (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_spacing_in_language_and_style_guides )

User Interface Elements

Titles : Should be brief and precise. Localizers can assume that source content reaches 2/3 of the total available line space. This allows localization text to expand and not be truncated or resolved through ellipsis. Title on the final page (meaning no more click through) should allow enough room to display full text.
Buttons: Capitalize the first letter of each word. Limit to one or two words. Use verbs that precisely describe the button's action. For example, "Cancel", "Clear History", "Add Email", "Select All", etc.
Value Selector Lists: Capitalize the first letter of the first word and the first letter of any proper nouns. Limit to one or two words.
Articles: Avoid them where possible. Articles (such as the word "the" in English) should be avoided wherever possible. User interface elements have limited space available for text. Avoiding articles will help ensure that your translations will be accommodated within the user interface.
Ellipsis: Ellipsis are often inserted automatically in the UI where strings are truncated. Ellipsis should only be used at high level of UI pages, but not be on the final page (after a series of click-through) where detailed instruction is given. Ellipsis should not be used as a way to solve truncation issue. Focus on making the UI short and precise. The sequence of the sentence structure in another language may not translate well, when a sentence is half finished as such.

General Mozilla l10n style

Accuracy

Meaning-based translation

When it comes to translation, meaning is everything. A translator needs to understand the source text's meaning exactly. You then find its most closely linked equivalent in your own language, without adding or subtracting meaning in your translation. Finding meaning-based equivalents between languages can be difficult. To help concentrate your thoughts, ask yourself questions like:

What does this word/sentence/string mean in English?
What is the message the author is trying to send?
How would I express that meaning in my own language?

Sometimes translation memory and machine translation tools can offer bad suggestions for a translation. If you use either as part of your translation workflow, make sure to correct the suggestions before submitting them. Avoid literal translation at all costs. Watch out for words that might sound or look the same between English and your language, but have a different meaning.

មិនគួរបកប្រែ

អក្សរកាត់ និង គ្រាប់ចុចចូលដំណើរការ

In Firefox and other software it's possible to use keyboard shortcuts to invoke a specific command. For example, to open a file in Firefox you can press the combination of keys CTRL+O (Cmd+O on Mac). The accelerator key depends on the operative system, but the letter itself is normally localizable. This is what is called a shortcut, or commandkey. For example, the Open File… menu item is stored as

 <!ENTITY openFileCmd.label "Open File…">
 <!ENTITY openFileCmd.accesskey "O">
 <!ENTITY openFileCmd.commandkey "o">

The commandkey is stored in openFileCmd.commandkey (sometimes the string has .key in the identifier). Normally you should not localize this key, since shortcuts are often common across the entire operative system (e.g. CTRL+S to Save) or similar products (CTRL+T to open a new tab in most browsers). But it needs to be localized if the letter is not available in your keyboard layout. For example, in Italian the character [ can be accessed through ALT+è, a command key [ would not work.

In the code fragment above you see also an accesskey defined for Open File…. Accesskeys are used to access a UI element from the keyboard. Example: if File menu has an accesskey F, and the Open file… menu has O, you can press ALT+F to access the menu, and then O to open a file.

If the label is File, and the accesskey is F, it will be displayed as "File" on Windows and Linux, with an underscored F. If the accesskey was "O", so a character not available in the original label, it will be displayed underlined between parenthesis: "File (O)".

One important thing to determine is if, for your locale, it makes sense to have localized accesskeys: for example, if most users will use a keyboard with a different layout (English), it might make sense to keep the English original accesskey instead of using a letter available in your localization. Accesskeys, like commandkeys, have their own lines within .dtd and .properties files and are usually identified by .accesskey in the string ID.

អថេរ

Variables should never be translated. You can recognize a variable within a string by its beginning with a specific character (e.g., $, #, %, etc.) followed by a combination of words without spacing. For example, $BrandShortName and %S are variables. You can move a variable around within a string, if the translation of the string requires it.

យីហោ, រក្សាសិទ្ធិ, និងសញ្ញាពាណិជ្ជកម្ម

Brand names, as well as copyright and trademarks should never be translated, nor transliterated into a non-Latin based script. See the Mozilla branding guide for more details.

Translating culture-specific references

At times there will be English content included in Mozilla products or web projects (e.g., marketing campaigns) that makes references to American culture and concepts. When translating these, it is best to find an equivalent cultural reference within your own culture that accurately conveys the meaning of the English reference. For example, an American might say, "Good job, home run!" A home run is a baseball reference for a successful outcome. An appropriate translation would be an equivalent metaphor within your culture. Using soccer as an example, you might translate "Good job, home run!" into "Good job, nice goal!" in your language. [Add a note about Mozilla culture.]

Legal content

Mozilla projects will often contain legal content in the form of user agreements, privacy statements, etc. When reviewing the translation of legal content, Mozilla localizers should do so according to the criteria concerning accuracy, fluency, style, and terminology found within this style guide and according to Mozilla culture and values.

Fluency

To produce a fluent translation, not only should the translation follow the language's standard grammar, punctuation, and spelling rules, but it should avoid being ambiguous, incoherent, or inconsistent, and unintelligible.

To avoid ambiguity, the translator must thoroughly understand the meaning behind the source text, including any references that text might include. For example, if the English source text uses the word, "it", the translator must know what "it" is to avoid an ambiguous translation. Clearly understanding the source text will also allow a translator to make the source text's logical connections in their own translation. This helps to keep the translation coherent.

Inconsistency can pop up in many forms. A translator must be consistent in their use of abbreviations, references, and links within each localization project. They must also be consistent with Mozilla and the localization communities' style guides and approved terminology. Abbreviations, like terminology, should come from either a standard reference (like a dictionary of abbreviations) or should follow your language's rules for creating abbreviations. Once used, the abbreviation must remain consistent every place that it is used in the translation. Cross-references (or links) must also be consistently used within a translation. If a text contains a hyperlink URL to a support article in English, the translation should also contain a hyperlink to a translation of that support article (if available) or the English version. Links should not redirect to other pages nor should they be broken and unusable.

Finally, there are times that a translation simply doesn't make sense. It's hard to put your finger on what exactly is wrong with it, but you know it is unintelligible and not fluent. While this is uncommon, it's important to report these unintelligible translations and offer suggestions to correct them.

L10n:Teams:km/Style Guide

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របៀប​បកប្រែ​សម្រាប់​ភាសាខ្មែរ